Articles
Bell, E. (2008) ‘Society in State-building: Lessons in Improving Democratic Governance’, Initiative for Peacebuilding
Bellver, A., and Kaufmann, D. (2005) ‘Transparenting Transparency: Initial Empirics and Policy Applications’, World Bank
Benequista, N. (2010) Putting Citizens at the Centre: Linking States and Societies for Responsive Governance, Policy Findings Summary, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Besley, T., and Burgess, R. (2002) ‘The Political Economy of Government Responsiveness: Theory and Evidence from India’, London School of Economics, London
Best, M. L. (2010) Connecting In Real Space: How People Share Knowledge and Technologies in Cybercafés, Presented at the 19th AMIC Annual Conference, Singapore.
Bianchi, T., and Cottica, A. (2010) 'Harnessing the Unexpected: A Public Administration Interacts with Creatives on the Web', Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 82-90
Bonina C. M. and Cordella A. (2008) 'The New Public Management, E-government and the Notion of ‘Public Value’: Lessons from Mexico', Proceedings of SIG GlobDev’s First Annual Workshop, Paris, France December 13th 2008
Bovens, M. and Zouridis, S. (2002) 'From Street-Level to System-Level Bureaucracies: How Information and Communication Technology Is Transforming Administrative Discretion and Constitutional Control', Public Administration Review, March/April 2002, Vol. 62, No. 2.
Broster, D., Misuraca, G. and Bacigalupo, M. (2011) Lifting off towards Open Government A report from the EU Belgian Presidency Conference, European Journal of e-Practice No. 12, pp. 53-65
Bruni, M. (2008) ‘Participation, Transparency, and Consensus Building in Support of Public Sector Reform: The Case of Nicaragua’, in Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions, eds. S. Odugbemi and T. Jacobson, Communications for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Cabanero-Verzosa, C., and Garcia, H. (2009) ‘Using Strategic Communication to Build Commitment to Reform’, Chapter 1 in Building Commitment to Reform through Strategic Communication: The Five Key Decisions, World Bank, Washington DC
Castillejo, C. (2008) ‘Strengthening Women's Citizenship in the Context of State Building: The Experience of Sierra Leone’, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), Madrid
CommGAP (2007) ‘Communication for Good Governance’, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington
CommGAP (2008) ‘Coalition Building’, Communications for Governance and Accountability Program (CommGAP), World Bank, Washington DC
CommGAP (2008) ‘The Public Sphere’ Policy Brief, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program (CommGAP), World Bank, Washington DC
CommGAP (2009) ‘The Contribution of Government Communication Capacity to Achieving Good Governance Outcomes’, Conference Report, World Bank, Washington D.C
Cornwall, A (2008) ‘Deliberating democracy: scenes from a Brazilian municipal health council’, IDS Working Paper No 292, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Cristóbal, R., and Martinez Usero, J. (2010) ‘Present and future of eAccessibility in public digital terminals, European Journal of e-Practice No. 10, pp. 3-11
Cruz, A. (2009) ‘Building Political Will for Enhanced Access to Information: Lessons from Latin America’, ch. 13 in From Political Wont to Political Will: Building Support for Participatory Governance, ed. C. Malena, Civicus
Currie, W., Finnegan, D., and Gozman, D. (2011) ‘e-Government as a regulatory response to the financial crisis: the case of the UK’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 11, pp. 55-71
Darch, C., and Underwood, P. G. (2009) ‘Struggles for Freedom of Information in Africa’, in Freedom of Information and the Developing World: The Citizen, the State and Models of Openness, C. Darch and P. G Underwood, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Daruwala, M. and Nayak, V., ed. (2007) 'Our Rights, Our Information: Empowering People to Demand Rights through Knowledge', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi
David, R (2008) ‘Transforming Adverse Public Opinion into Support for Reforms’, ch. 16 in Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions, eds. S. Odugbemi and T. Jacobson, Communications for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Deane, J. (2008) ‘Why the Media Matters: the Relevance of the Media to Tackling Global Poverty’, in Section 1 of ed. Harvey, M., ‘Media Matters: Perspectives on Advancing Governance and Development’, Global Forum for Media Development, Internews Europe.
Delli Carpini, M. (2004) ‘Mediating Democratic Engagement: The Impact of Communications on Citizens’ Involvement in Political and Civic Life’, in Handbook of Political Communication Research, ed. L. L. Kaid, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York, pp 395-434
DFID (2008) ‘Media and Good Governance: A DFID Practice Paper’, Department for International Development, London
DFID (2010) ‘Building Peaceful States and Societies: A DFID Practice Paper’, Department for International Development, London
DiGiammarino, F. Trudeau, L. Forman, M. Kamensky, J. Munz, D. (2009) ‘Enabling Collaboration: Three Priorities for New Administration’, National Academy of Public Administration, Washington D.C., USA
Dimba, M. (2011) ‘Searching for Access to Information in Africa’, Newsletter Issue No. 1: Regional Dialogue on Preparing to Implement Access to Information, The Carter Center, the International School for Transparency, and the World Bank Institute
Dunn, A. and Gaventa, J., ed. (2007) ‘ID21 Insights on Claiming Citizenship’, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S. (2006) 'Building Effective States: Taking a Citizen's Perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Ferri de Oliveira, J., and Lopes de Aguiar, E. (2010) ‘Digital accessibility within the Brazilian context, European Journal of e-Practice No. 10, pp. 42-49
Ferro, E., and Molinari, F. (2010) ‘Framing Web 2.0 in the Process of Public Sector Innovation: Going Down the Participation Ladder’, Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 20-34
Fortune, F., and Bloh, O. (2008) ‘Strategic Communication: The Heart of Post-Conflict Processes’, Conflict Trends, (2008)/2, African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, South Africa
Fox, J. (2007) ‘The Uncertain Relationship between Transparency and Accountability’, Development in Practice, vol. 17, nos. 4 & 5, pp. 663 – 671
Fung, A. (2003) ‘Recipes for Public Spheres: Eight Institutional Design Choices and Their Consequences', The Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 11, No. 3, Pp. 338-367
GAID (2009) ‘White Paper: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Eductaion for Development’, UN GAID, New York
Gaventa, J (2004) ‘Representation, community Leadership and Participation: citizen involvement in neighbourhood renewal and local governance’, Report for the Neighbourhood Renewal Unit, Neighbourhood Renewal UnitOffice of Deputy Prime Minister, London.Gaventa, J. and Barrett, G. (2010) ‘So What Difference Does it Make? Mapping the Outcomes of Citizen Engagement’, IDS Working Paper 347, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
GTZ (2006) ‘Strategic Communication for Sustainable development: A Conceptual Overview’, Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Germany
Heeks, R. (2003) 'Causes of E-Government Success and Failure: Design-Reality Gap Model', Institute for Development Policy Management (IDPM), University of Manchester
Houtzager, P., Gurza Lavalle, A. and Acharya, A. (2003) Who Participates? Civil society and the new democratic politics in São Paulo, Brazil’, IDS Working Paper 210, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Hubbard, P. (2007) ‘Putting the Power of Transparency in Context: Information’s Role in Reducing Corruption in Uganda’s Education Sector’, Working Paper No 136, Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C.
Interpeace (2010) ‘Voices of Civil Society Organisations on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding’, Background Paper, prepared as an input into the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, Interpeace, Geneva
Islam, R. (2006) ‘Does More Transparency go Along with Better Governance?’, Economics and Politics, Volume 18:2
Jager, A., and Reijsoud, V. (2006) ‘E-Governance in the Developing World in Action: The Case of DistrictNet in Uganda’, IICD: The Hague
Jha, C., et al. (2009) 'Citizen Mobilisation in Nepal: Building on Nepal’s Tradition of Social Mobilisation to make Local Governance more Inclusive and Accountable', Report prepared for DFID, World Bank and SDC
Kabeer, N. (2002) ‘Citizenship and the boundaries of the acknowledged community: identity, affiliation and exclusion’, IDS Working Paper 171, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Kabeer, N., Haq Kabir, A., and Huq, T. Y. (2009) Quantifying the Impact of Social Mobilisation in Rural Bangladesh: Donors, Civil Society and ‘The Road not Taken’, Working Paper 333, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Kalsi, N. S. Kiran, R. and S. C. Vaidhya (2008) 'ICT And Good Governance: A Study Of Indian Environment, International Conference on E-governance', IIT New Delhi, Dec 18-20, 2008
Kelly, A., Meyerhoff Nielsen, M. (2011) ‘Scandinavia 2.0: Efficiency, cooperation and innovations to alleviate the Economic Crisis’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 11, pp. 19-40
Khemani, S. (2007) ‘Can Information Campaigns Overcome Political Obstacles to Serving the Poor?’, Chapter 5 in The Politics of Service Delivery in Democracies - Better Access for the Poor, ed. S. Devarajan and I. Widlund, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden, Stockholm
Kidane Mengisteab (2007) ‘Identity Politics, Democratisation and State Building in Ethiopia’s Federal Arrangement’ African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 63-92
Kuzma, J. (2010) ‘Asian Government Usage of Web 2.0 Social Media’, Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 69-81
Lal, B. (1999) 'Information and Communication Technologies for Improved Governance', Prepared for African Development Forum ADF '99
Leach, M. and Scoones, I. (2003) Science and Citizenship in a Global Context, IDS Working Paper 205, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.
Leach, M. and Scoones, I. (2007) 'Mobilising Citizens: Social Movement and the Politics of Knowledge', IDS Working Paper No 276, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton.
Leach, M; Scoones, I. and Cockburn, K. (2006) ‘Science and Citizens: Local and Global Voices’, IDS Policy Briefing Issue 30, Institute f Development Studies, Brighton.
Lines, K. (2009) ‘Governance and the Media: A Survey of Policy Opinion’, BBC World Service Trust, London.
Lunch, C. and Lunch, N. (2006) ‘Insights into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field’, Insight
Lundell, B. (2011) ’e-Governance in public sector ICT procurement: what is shaping practice in Sweden?’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 12, pp. 66-78
Macmillan, P. (2010) ‘Data Transparency and the Modern Local Government’, Public Sector Digest, Ontario
Macmillan, P. (2010) ‘Unleashing the Data Stream’, Public Sector Management, Volume 21, No. 2
Macmillan, P. (2010) ‘Unlocking Government: How Data Will Transform Democracy’, Deloitte Reports.
Medimorec, D. Parycek, P. and Schossböck, J. (2011) ‘Vitalizing Democracy through E-Participation and Open Government: An Austrian and Eastern European Perspective’, Bertelsmann-Stiftung
Merkel, W. (2011) ‘Participation and the Quality of Democracy’, Bertelsmann-Stiftung
Magalhães Ferreira, P. (2009) ‘State-Society Relations in Angola: Peacebuilding, Democracy and Political Participation’, Democratisation and Transitional Justice Cluster, Initiative for Peacebuilding
Mahmud, S. (2004) ‘Increasing voice and influence in the health sector in rural Bangladesh: Is there a role for community participation?’ Findings Report, BIDS, Dhaka.
Mäkinen, M., and Wangu Kuira, M. (2008) ‘Social Media and Post-election Crisis in Kenya’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 328-335
Mcmillan, P. (2010) ‘Let the Information Flow’, Canadian Government Executive, Volume 16, No. 6,
Millard, J. (2010) ‘Government 1.5 – is the bottle half full or half empty?’ Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 35-56
Misuraca, G. C. (2007) 'E-Governance in Africa: From Theory to Practice - A Handbook on ICTs for Local Governance', Sections 3 and 4, Africa World Press, New Jersey, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa
Molenaers, N., and Renard, R. (2006) ‘Participation in PRSP Processes: Conditions for Pro-Poor Effectiveness’, Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp
Mozammel, M. and Odugbemi, S. (2005) 'With the Support of Multitudes: Using Strategic Communication to Fight Poverty through PRSPs,' UK Department for International Development/World Bank
Mulholland, A. and Jones, O. (2011) ‘Enabling Digital Citizenship’, European Journal of e-Practice, No. 11, pp. 97-102
Nash, P. (2011) ‘e-Participation: Looking Beyond Skills and Realizing Public Value’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 12, pp. 79-86
Neuman, L. (2009) ‘Enforcement Models: Content and Context’, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program (CommGAP), World Bank, Washington DC
Neuman, L., and Calland, R. (2007) ‘Making the Access to Information Law Work’, in The Right to Know, ed. A. Florini, Colombia University Press
Newell, P. and Wheeler, J. (2006) ‘Making accountability count’, IDS Policy Briefing, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Norris, P. and Odugbemi, S. (2010) ‘Assessing the Extent to Which the News Media Act as Watchdogs, Agenda Setters and Gatekeepers’, Chapter 15 in ed. Norris, P., 2010), ‘Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform’, CommGAP, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Norris, P. (2008) ‘The Role of the Free Press in Promoting Democratization, Good Governance and Human Development’, in Section 2 of ed. Harvey, M., ‘Media Matters: Perspectives on Advancing Governance and Development’, Global Forum for Media Development, Internews Europe.
Odugbemi, S. (2008) ‘Public Opinion, the Public Sphere, and Quality of Governance: An Exploration’, Chapter 2 in Governance Reform under Real World Conditions, CommGAP, World Bank
Ostling, A. (2010) ‘ICT in politics: from peaks of inflated expectations to voids of Disillusionment’, Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 49-57
Overgaard, J. (2011) ‘The impact of the financial crisis on Danish e-Government Strategy’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 11, pp. 39-54
Pande, S. (2008) ‘The Right to Information and Societal Accountability: The Case of the Delhi PDS Campaign’, IDS Bulletin, vol. 38 no. 6, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Pandey, P., Goyal, S. and Sundararaman, V. (2009) 'Community Participation in Public Schools: Impact of Information Campaigns in three Indian states', Education Economics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp 355–375
Pant, M. (2003) ‘The Process of Empowerment’, Synthesis Paper Series No. 1, PRIA, New Delhi
Pant, M. (2004) ‘Nomads: The Marginalized Citizens - A Participatory Research on Meanings and Expressions of Rights and Citizenship amongst Nomadic Communities in Rajasthan’, Study Report No. 1, PRIA, New Delhi
Papadopoulos, M. Karamagioli, E. and Koulolias, V. (2007) 'Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) enhancing participatory practices in Public Administration', Presented at AHEPA HELLAS and The European Parliament's Office in Greece round table on European-American relations
Parycek , P., and Sachs, M. (2010) ‘Open Government – Information Flow in Web 2.0’, Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 57-68
Pearce, J. (2007) Violence, power and participation: building citizenship in contexts of chronic violence, IDS Working Paper No 274, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Petaccia de Macedo, J. (2011) ‘Civil Society and the State: A Partnership for the Revitalization of Democracy and Coherent Multilevel Global Governance’, Bertelsmann-Stiftung
Post, L. A., Salmon, T. and Raile, A. (2008) ‘Using Public Will to Secure Political Will’, ch. 7 in Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions, ed. S. Odugbemi and T. Jacobson, Communications for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Pouligny, B. (2010) ‘State-Society Relations and the Intangible Dimensions of State Resilience and Statebuilding: A Bottom Up Perspective’, EUI Working Paper, no. 33, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute (EUI), Florence
Pruitt, B. and Thomas, P. (2007) 'Democratic Dialogue: A Handbook for Practitioners', General Secretariat of the Organization of American States , Washington, DC; International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm; United Nations Development Programme, New York
Puddephatt, A. (2009) ‘Exploring the Role of Civil Society in the Formulation and Adoption of Access to Information Laws: The Cases of Bulgaria, India, Mexico, South Africa and the United Kingdom’, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Puddephatt, A., McCall, E. and Wilde, A. (2006) 'A Guide to Measuring the Impact of Right to Information Programmes', United Nations Development Programme, Oslo
Raman, V. and Bhanot, A. (2008) ‘Political Crisis, Mediated Deliberation and Citizen Engagement: A Case Study of Bangladesh and Nirbachoni Sanglap’, IAMCR, Mexico
Ramírez, R., and Quarry, W. (2004) ‘Communication Strategies in an Age of Decentralization and Privatization of Rural Services’, Overseas Development Institute, London
Ramirez, R., Gordon, A. and Parthasarathy, B. (2010) Infomediaries: Lessons Report from Three Inception Missions.
Reggi, L. (2011) ‘Benchmarking Open Data Availability across Europe: The Case of EU Structural Funds’, European Journal of e-Practice No. 12, pp. 17-31
Reinikka, R and Svensson, J. (2004) ‘The Power of Information: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign to Reduce Capture’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3239, World Bank, Washington DC
Robins, S. and von Lieres, B. (2003) ‘Governance from Below: rights, global citizens and local spaces of participation’, UWC Working Paper,Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series, No. 4, University of Western Cape, Cape Town
Robins, S. and von Lieres, B. (2004) ‘Remaking Citizenship, Unmaking Marginalization: New Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Canadian Journal of African Studies - Vol 38 No 3.
Robins, S. (2002) ‘At the limits of spatial government: a message from the tip of Africa’, Third World Quarterly - Vol 23 No 4, Pages 665-689
Rowden, R. and Irama, J.O. (2004) ‘Rethinking Participation: Questions for Civil Society About the Limits of Participation in PRSPs’, ActionAid International, Washington D.C. and ActionAid International Uganda, Kampala
Sadashiva, M. (2011) ‘Revitalizing Democracy and Participation in India: Recent National Policy Initiatives’, Bertelsmann-Stiftung
Sey, Araba and Fellows M. (2011) Loose Strands: Searching for Evidence of Public Access ICT Impact on Development. Paper presented at iConference 2011), Seattle, WA, Feb 2011).
Sey, Araba and Fellows M. April (2009) Literature Review on the Impact of Public Access to Information and Communication Technologies. CIS Working Paper No. 6, University of Washington Center for Information & Society, Seattle.
Sey, Araba. (2008) Public Access to ICTs: A Review of the Literature. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Center for Information & Society (CIS)
Shane, P. (2011) ‘Empowering the Collaborative Citizen in the Administrative State: A Case Study of the Federal Communications Commission’, University of Miami Law Review, Vol. 65, p. 483, Miami University Press, Miami, USA
Sida, (2009) ‘ICTs for Democracy: Information and Communication Technologies for the Enhancement of Democracy – with a Focus on Empowerment’, Swedish International Development Agency, Stockholm
Singh, J.P. (2008) ‘Dialogues as Communication Strategy in Governance Reform’, ch. 4 in Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions, eds. S. Odugbemi and T. Jacobson, Communications for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Smith, G. (2005) 'Power Beyond the Ballot: 57 Democratic Innovations from Around the World', The Power Inquiry, London
Tadesse, E. et al. (2006) ‘The People Shall Govern: A research report on public participation in the policy processes’, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) and Action for Conflict Transformation (ACTION), Johannesburg
Tembo, F., ed. (2005) ‘Poverty Reduction: Are the Strategies Working?’, World Vision
Thacker, M. (2011) Open Linked Data to Inform Policy and Improve Services, European Journal of e-Practice No. 12, pp. 32-41
The Communication Initiative (2007) ‘Communication and Governance’, Ch. 3 in World Congress on Communication for Development: Lessons, Challenges, and the Way Forward, The Communication Initiative, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, and The World Bank
The World Bank, n.d. ‘From Shouting to Counting: A New Frontier in Social Development’, The World Bank, Washington D.C
Thompson, L. (2003) ‘Not About Knowledge, but Numbers? an examination of the notion of stakeholder participation and the governance of water as a ‘scarce resource’ in global and national policy discourses on development and security’, UWC Working Paper,Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series, No. 1, University of Western Cape, Cape Town
Thompson, L. (2003) ‘Rights and Participation of Communities in the South in Global Environmental Discourses: some initial conceptual and theoretical issues’, UWC Working Paper, Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series No. 2
Thompson, L. (2003) Rights and Participation of Communities in the South in Global Environmental Discourses: some initial conceptual and theoretical issues’, UWC Working Paper,Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series, No. 2, University of Western Cape, Cape Town
Tufte, T. and Mefalopulos, P. (2009) ‘Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide’, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
UNDP (2003) 'Access to Information', Practice Note, United Nations Development Programme, Oslo Governance Centre, Oslo
UNDP (2004) ‘Supporting Public Service Broadcasting: Learning from Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Experience’, Democratic Governance Group, UNDP, New York
UNICEF (2005) ‘Strategic Communication for Attitude and Behaviour Change in South Asia’, UNICEF, Kathmandu
Van den Broek, T., Frissen, V., Huijboom, N., and Punie, Y. (2010) ‘The Impact of Social Computing on Public Services: a Rationale for Government 2.0’, Journal of European e-Practice No. 9, pp. 5-19
Van der Gaag, N., and Rowlands, J. eds. (2009) ‘Speaking Out: Case Studies on How Poor People Influence Decision-Making’, Practical Action/Oxfam, Rugby/Oxford.
Von Kaltenborn-Stachau, H. (2008) ‘Fostering Positive Citizen-State Relations in Support of State-building’, Part I in ‘The missing link: connecting citizen and state in post-conflict environments’, CommGAP, World Bank, Washington
Von Kaltenborn-Stachau, H. (2008) ‘The Missing Link: Fostering Positive Citizen-State Relations in Post-Conflict Environments’, Communication for Governance and Accountability
Von Lieres, B. and kahane, D. (2005) ‘Inclusion and representation in democratic deliberation: lessons from Canada’s Romanow Commission’, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton
Wantchekon, L. (2009) ‘Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism?’, New York University, New York
Wheeler, J. (2007) Creating spaces for engagement: understanding research and social change, DRC Citizenship, Brighton
Williams, J. (2003) Community participation: constructing the post-apartheid city. Case study of the areas coordinating teams, Cape Town, South Africa, UWC Working Paper, Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series, No. 3, University of Western Cape, Cape Town
Wilson. M., Warnock, K., and Schoemaker, M. (2007) ‘At the Heart of Change: The Role of Communication in Sustainable Development’, Panos Institute, London.
World Bank (2007) ‘Generating Genuine Demand with Social Accountability Mechanisms’, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program, World Bank, Washington, D.C.